Operators in C

Operators are symbols that tell the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations.

5.1 Arithmetic Operators

Used for mathematical calculations.

Operator	Description	Example (a=10, b=3)
+	Addition	a + b = 13
-	Subtraction	a - b = 7
*	Multiplication	a * b = 30
/	Division	a / b = 3 (int division)
%	Modulus (Remainder)	a % b = 1

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5.2 Relational Operators

Used to compare two values. They return 1 (true) or 0 (false).

• == (Equal to)
• != (Not equal to)
• > (Greater than)
• < (Less than)
• >= (Greater than or equal to)
• <= (Less than or equal to)

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5.3 Logical Operators

Used to combine multiple conditions.

• && (Logical AND): True if both are true.
• || (Logical OR): True if at least one is true.
• ! (Logical NOT): Reverses the state.

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5.4 Assignment Operators

Used to assign values to variables.

• =: Simple assignment (a = b)
• +=: Add and assign (a += b is a = a + b)
• -=, *=, /=, %=: Similar behavior.

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5.5 Increment and Decrement Operators

• ++ (Increment): Increases value by 1.
  • Prefix (++a): Increment first, then use.
  • Postfix (a++): Use first, then increment.
• -- (Decrement): Decreases value by 1.

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5.6 Conditional (Ternary) Operator

The only operator in C that takes three operands. Syntax: condition ? expression1 : expression2;

int max = (a > b) ? a : b;

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5.7 Bitwise Operators

Used for manipulation of data at the bit level.

• & (AND), | (OR), ^ (XOR), ~ (NOT), << (Left shift), >> (Right shift).

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5.8 Special Operators

• sizeof(): Returns the size of a data type in bytes.
• & (Address-of): Returns the address of a variable.
• * (Pointer-to): Pointer to a variable.

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Example: Using Various Operators

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int a = 10, b = 20, res;
    
    // Arithmetic
    printf("Addition: %d\n", a + b);
    
    // Logical
    if (a < b && a > 0) {
        printf("Condition is true\n");
    }
    
    // Ternary
    res = (a > b) ? a : b;
    printf("Higher value is %d\n", res);
    
    // Sizeof
    printf("Size of int: %lu bytes\n", sizeof(int));
    
    return 0;
}

Check the Lecture Slides for Operator Precedence and Associativity tables.